ʔakisq̓nuk Resilience
ʔAKISQ̓NUK HISTORY: PEOPLE OF THE LAND BETWEEN TWO LAKES
People of the ʔakisq̓nuk First Nation speak Ktunaxa, a language isolate, meaning it is not related to any other languages. Our language teaches us who we are and where we come from. Ktunaxa is our word for ourselves, while non-indigenous may have known us as Kootenay. Our people have occupied the lands adjacent to the Kootenay and Columbia Rivers and the Arrow Lakes of British Columbia, Canada and into the United States for more than 10,000 years. The Ktunaxa people were semi-nomadic and would travel across their traditional territory enjoying the natural bounty of the land, seasonally migrating throughout the Traditional Territory to procure various resources. The Ktunaxa obtained all their food, medicine, tools and material for shelter and clothing from nature – hunting, fishing and gathering throughout their Territory, across the Rocky Mountains and on the Great Plains of both Canada and the United States.
The Traditional Territory of the Ktunaxa Nation covers approximately 70,000 square kilometres (27,000 square miles) within the Kootenay region of south-eastern British Columbia and historically included parts of Alberta, Montana, Washington and Idaho. Our language and stories describe our homeland.
The ancestors of the ʔakisq̓nuk First Nation Band utilized all of ʔamakiʔis Ktunaxa (Traditional Territory of the Ktunaxa). A favourite area to winter is the lowlands of the Columbia Trench near what is now known as Windermere, BC. In the mid 1800s a priest had warned them that more colonizers would be coming and making claims to the lands and that the native people would be displaced.
With this knowledge in mind, the ancestors chose carefully where the next generation would live, since the nomadic lifestyle was going to be affected. The Columbia valley was chosen for the abundant resources such as water, the hunting and trapping of numerous animals and birds, salmon fishing, less severe winters, lumber and hot springs. So when the Indian agents came, the ancestors of ʔakisq̓nuk were already in the valley making their stand.
Due to small-pox epidemics and new sicknesses, dissemination of buffalo and salmon, establishment and confinement to Indian Reserves, followed by generations of mandatory attendance of residential schools, criminalization of our ceremonies and religion and other government sanctioned assaults, many descendants, customs, and traditions have been lost, severely affecting our peoples' healing today.
Resiliency refers to the ability to recover from difficulty or assault. The ʔakisq̓nuk First Nation demonstrates resiliency in the steadfastness of the Elders and the determination of the youth. Despite the far-reaching inter-generational traumas, residential schools, the abduction of our children via the 60s scoop or foster care, our Nation remains strong. We are redefining our relationship with our neighbours and all of Canada. We are healing ourselves for the generations that follow.
Today, the ʔakisq̓nuk people number around 600 and continue to be resilient and leaders for change. There are many knowledge holders, determined leaders and great educators among the ʔakisq̓nuk First Nation Band. We recognize the role that everyone contributes to our strength.